Improving subnational governments’ resilience in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has had devastating effects on lives, the economy, and public finances worldwide, drawing attention to need enhance resilience future shocks. This paper focuses subnational governments, given their important growing role in provision of essential goods services worldwide. discusses key aspects resilience, particular sensitivity macroeconomic cycles shocks availability fiscal buffers; main factors influencing governments’ ability provide during crises; anticipate prepare for shocks, especially those related climate change. also policy institutional reform options both national governments strengthen resilience.